Iranian officials announced on September 20, 2025, that the country had successfully tested its first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Described as one of Iran’s most advanced systems, the missile had not been previously tested. Officials emphasized that Iran would continue its uranium enrichment and missile programs despite repeated attacks on nuclear facilities.
The test followed unexplained trails of smoke and light seen on September 18 over Tehran, Gorgan, Sari, and Semnan. Videos circulated on social media showed missile arcs, and some footage suggested anti-missile fire near certain areas. The Semnan launch facility, located east of Tehran, has long served as a center for Iran’s missile and space launches.
Iran framed the launch as proof of its strategic resilience and warned that any miscalculation by adversaries would meet a “deadly and instructive” response. Analysts suggested the missile could be a Sejjil-class system or a potential Khorramshahr-5, the latter reportedly capable of 12,000 kilometers range and Mach 16 terminal speed, meeting intercontinental criteria.
Iran’s missile program, which began during the Iran-Iraq War, has since developed short-, medium-, and long-range missiles, including multi-stage solid-fuel systems. Underground “missile cities” enhance launcher survivability, while the test serves as both a technical demonstration and a political signal to domestic and international audiences.
Observers note that Iran’s space program and multi-stage launch capability could support ICBM development, though fully operational intercontinental missiles remain unverified. Western officials argue that any future agreements with Iran should include restrictions on missiles exceeding 300 miles, a position rejected by Tehran, which maintains its missile development remains non-negotiable.
